What programming languages are used to write smart contracts?

Smart contracts are primarily written in Solidity, which is designed specifically for Ethereum and similar blockchains. Solidity resembles JavaScript and is the most popular choice for developers. Other languages include Vyper, a Python-like language also for Ethereum, and Rust, used on blockchains like Solana and Polkadot. Each language has different syntax and security features. Developers choose based on their blockchain platform and coding preferences. Learning these languages requires programming experience, as mistakes can lead to security vulnerabilities. Many platforms now offer visual development tools to simplify the process for beginners.